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- Catcher in the Rye
- The Language of Cather in the Rye
-
-
- The passage of adolescence has served as the central theme for many
- novels, but J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, long a staple in academic
- lesson plans, has captured the spirit of this stage of life in hyper-sensitive
- form, dramatizing Holden Caulfield's vulgar language and melodramatic
- reactions. Written as the autobiographical account of a fictional teenage prep
- school student Holden Caulfield, The Catcher in the Rye deals with material
- that is socially scandalous for the times (Gwynn, 1958). As an emotional,
- intelligent, inquisitive, and painfully sensitive young man, Holden puts his
- inner world to the test through the sexual mores of his peers and elders, the
- teachings of his education, and his own emerging sense of self. Throughout
- the years, the language of the story has startled some readers. Salinger's
- control of Holden's easy, conversational manner makes the introduction of
- these larger themes appear natural and believable. (Bloom, 1990).
-
- At the time of the novel through today, Holden's speech rings true to the
- colloquial speech of teenagers. Holden, according to many reviews in the
- Chicago Tribune, the New Yorker, and the New York Times, accurately
- captures the informal speech of an average intelligent, educated, northeastern
- American adolescent (Costello, 1990). Such speech includes both simple
- description and cursing. For example, Holden says, "They're nice and all", as
- well as "I'm not going to tell you my whole goddam autobiography or
- anything." In the first instance, he uses the term "nice" which oversimplifies
- his parents' character, implying he does not wish to disrespect them, yet at
- the same time he does not praise them. At best he deems them as "nice and
- all." Holden further cuts short his description, but in a more curt manner,
- when he states he will not tell his "whole goddam autobiography or anything."
- From the start the reader picks up Holden's hostility and unwillingness to
- share his views strictly by his use of language (Salzman, 1991).
-
- From the last two examples, another colloquialism can be seen. Holden
- has a habit of ending his descriptions with tag phrases such as "and all" or "or
- anything." (Salzman, 1991). Not only does Holden speak like this in the
- beginning of the novel, but throughout the book, making this pattern a part of
- his character. One could imagine Holden frequently ending his sentences
- with "and all," realizing it is a character trait since not all teenagers used that
- phrase. So the "and all" tag to Holden's speech served to make his speech
- authentic and individual. (Salzman, 1991). Salinger intentionally used such
- speech patterns to help individualize Holden, yet to also make him a
- believable teenager of the early 1950's.
-
- Another example of how Holden's speech helped define his character
- is how he constantly had to confirm any affirmation he made, as if even he
- did not quite believe himself. Such reconfirmations include phrases such as
- "...if you want to know the truth," or "...it really does." Holden says the first
- phrase several times. "I have no wind, if you want to know the truth," "I'm
- pacifist, if you want to know the truth," and a variation: "She had a lot of sex
- appeal, too, if you really want to know." In each of the above instances,
- Holden makes a statement then feels compelled to clarify that is he is not
- making it up but is, in fact, telling the truth. These mannerisms may point to
- several aspects of his character. For example, Holden is on the verge of
- failing out of preparatory school and fears telling his parents. Because he did
- not do well in school, Holden may have felt as though no one ever took him
- seriously and realized his actions left him with no solid academic standing.
- Since Holden is essentially a failure at school with no serious friendships, he
- attempts to solidify some communication in asking for approval by stating "if
- you want to know the truth." Holden wants people to believe him so he
- speeks to seek approval (Costello, 1990). Again, Salinger creates this speech
- pattern as believable for a common teenager, yet it also seems to belong
- individually to Holden.
-
- The Catcher in the Rye gained much of its notoriety for the language
- used in it, particularly the crude words (Gwynn, 1958). Like most colloquial
- uses of body parts, accidents of birth, or religious connotations, Holden does
- not strictly make use of words in reference to their original meaning. The
- word "hell" is a staple of Holden's vocabulary, and he uses it often with both
- positive and negative connotations. In one instance, he tells us he had a
- "helluva time," when he and Phoebe sneaked away and had a good time
- shopping for shoes downtown. Other statements include "pretty as hell,"
- "playful as hell," or "hot as hell."
-
- Holden's perception that situations were anything but normal in some
- relation to the extremes of the usage of "hell" is applied to both positive and
- negative situations. In each use of the word, Holden uses "hell" as a way to
- expresses the confusion of adolescence and his own regular use of it
- illustrates his own extreme sensitivity as a character (Gwynn, 1958).
-
- As Holden's experiences change, so does his use of crude language.
- When he is caught up in his own antics and is enraged, "sonuvabitch" and
- "bastard" frequently find their way into his vocabulary. However, when he
- addresses the reader as a narrator, Holden rarely, if ever, slips into his
- habitual use of swearing (Costello, 1990). "Sonuvabitch" is reserved for his
- extreme anger, as when he kept calling Stradlater a "moron sonuvabitch" for
- the boy's ostensibly offensive treatment of Jane Gallagher. Again, Holden's
- sporadic use of "sonuvabitch" in his angriest moments alerts the reader to the
- serious quality of his anger. Salinger carefully crafted such speech patterns to
- help us identify Holden's character without lengthy descriptions of such.
- Here, the offending words lets the reader know when Holden is most angry
- and the types of situations that make him so, thereby offering further insight
- into his character, often through the use of a single word.
-
- Holden's regular use of curse words to describe his view of any given
- situation leaves the impression his vocabulary is limited, as observed in one
- much younger than himself. However, Holden recognizes that he has a
- limited vocabulary and uncomprehendingly identifies it himself (Salzman,
- 1991). He makes use of cursing in an effort to add emphasis to his otherwise
- simplistic verbiage. For example, Holden says "That guy Morrow was about
- as sensitive as a goddam toilet seat" (Salinger, 1951). The best reference
- Holden could think of was "toilet seat," a simple item readily grasped by even
- young children. To give this simile more emphasis, Holden, as usual, tosses
- in a curse word. Holden makes another toilet-like reference when he says
- "He started handling my paper like it was a turd or something," (Salinger,
- 1951) when referring to his teacher's expressions and body language while
- picking up some written work Holden had done. "Turd" is a word a recently
- potty-trained child might use instead of a prep school teen. So Holden not
- only admits to having a limited vocabulary, but he has a vocabulary seemingly
- limited to one even younger than his age.
-
- Holden's regular use of cursing demonstates not only the depth of his
- emotion, but signals the reader to the fact that he is caught in the stage where
- childhood and approaching maturity collide. He relates poorly to instances
- other than those from his early youth, and tries in vain to bridge the gap
- between adolescent and adult worlds with his use of profanity. He fails to
- notice that his cursing loses much of his intended rebellious impact by his
- overuse of the words. Rather than successfully rebelling against school or his
- parents, Holden appears sometimes tortured and pathetic, and sometimes just
- plain silly.
-
- This superficiality of youth leaves him with little ability to
- communicate because he relies so heavily on simple words and thoughts to
- express the majority of his feelings. While Holden's teenage angst is
- apparent, Salinger carefully crafted Holden's vocabulary to create a character
- who is believable.
-
- As Holden's vocabulary and outlook on life demonstrate to us his character as
- a fictional persona, the realistic flavor of his vocabulary mixed with emotion
- unfailingly ties him with the harsh realities of adolescence and the youth of
- his time.
-
- Works Cited
-
-
- Bloom, HB. Major Literary Characters: Holden Caulfield. Chelsea
- House Publishers. New York, 1990.
-
- Costello, DP. The Language of the Catcher in the Rye. Holden
- Caulfield. Cambridge, New York; Cambridge University Press, 1990.
-
- Gwynn, F. The Fiction of JD Salinger. University of Pittsburg Press.
- 1958
-
-
- Salinger, JD. The Catcher in the Rye, Little, Brown and Co. Boston,
- 1951.
-
-
- Salzman, J. The American Novel: New Essays on the Catcher in the
- Rye. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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